1998), is referred to it will be clearly stated. PGA appeals. 1 (2011): Journal of Intercollegiate Sport / Articles A Review of Post-PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin Legal Developments Regarding the Participation Rights of Disabled Athletes PGA TOUR, Inc. v. Martin Does the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 provide access to professional golf tournaments by a qualified entrant with a disability? In concluding that the Americans With Disabilities Act required such an accommodation to Martin, who has a serious circulatory disorder, the … In Pistorius v. May a disabled contestant be denied the use of a golf cart because it would "fundamentally alter the nature" of the tournaments to allow him to ride when all other contestants must walk? In the notable case PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 6 . When the PGA refused to exempt him from its "walking rule,"2 Martin sued the organiza-tion in federal court.3 Martin claimed that by denying him use of 4. L. Rev. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin (2001) Facts of the case: Casey Martin is afflicted with a degenerative circulatory disorder that prevents him from walking golf courses. Consistent with Martin, LPGA commissioner Carolyn Bivens determined that these accommodations would not provide her with an unfair competitive advantage. Allowing Martin to use a golf cart "is not a modification that would fundamentally alter the nature" of the PGA Tour, said Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens, who delivered the majority opinion. He is a former world number one in the Official World Golf Ranking, having spent over 100 weeks in that position during his career.He is a four-time major champion, winning the 2011 U.S. Open, 2012 PGA Championship, 2014 Open … 8 . V 1999). 1879, 149 L.Ed.2d 904 (2001) (Martin ). Argued January 17, 200l-Decided May 29, 2001 Petitioner sponsors professional golf … PGA TOUR, Inc. v. Martin ; PGA TOUR, Inc. v. Martin – Oral Argument – January 17, 2001 ; Schneider v. Smith – Oral Argument – December 13, 1967 ; Local 28 of the Sheet Metal Workers’ International Association v. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661 (2001), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States involving the applicability of the Americans with … *8-*11 [plaintiff could recover money damages under the California Disabled Persons Act (§ 54) because she showed that she was an ordinary patron of the hotel's services]; Antoninetti v. Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. (9th Cir. The Complaint Sets Forth the Necessary Elements of A Claim Under Title II In PGA Tour, Inc. v. Casey Martin, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the right of the professional golfer Casey Martin to use a golf cart while playing in professional golf tournaments, despite the PGA rule requiring walking. The "Rules of Golf," promulgated by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of Scotland, do not prohibit the use of golf carts. 7 . May 29, 2001 -- The U.S. Supreme Court ruled today that the Americans with Disabilities Act requires the PGA Tour to allow professional golfer Casey Martin to ride in a golf cart between shots at Tour events. Martin v. PGA Tour, Inc., 204 F.3d 994, 996 (9th Cir. Argued January 17, 2001–Decided May 29, 2001 Petitioner sponsors professional golf tournaments conducted on three annual tours. at 661-663. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 675 (2001). Article Title. 54 (2001). Click the citation to see the full text of the cited case. In PGA Tour, Inc. v. Casey Martin, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the right of the professional golfer Casey Martin to use a golf cart while playing in professional golf tournaments, despite the PGA rule requiring walking. 365 (2001). Lexis 742, pp. 2000), PGA Tour, Inc. ("PGA") appealed from the district court's decision in favor of Casey Martin, a disabled professional golfer, ordering PGA to make an exception to its "walking rule" to allow Martin to ride a golf cart during PGA competitions. See Martin v. PGA Tour, Inc., 204 F.3d 994 (9th Cir. Martin. Martin V. PGA Tour, Inc. No. Michael Lang Poli Sci 24 Prof Gabler December 11, 2020 Brief #9 Case Citation: PGA TOUR, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661 (2001) Parties: PGA TOUR, Inc. -Petitioner Casey Martin -Respondent Facts: Petitioner is a governing body of golf and sponsors golf tournaments. See PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 121 S. Ct. 1879, 1886 (2001). PGA TOUR, INC., PETITIONER v. CASEY MARTIN on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit [May 29, 2001] Justice Stevens delivered the opinion of … Since birth he has had a degenerative circulatory disorder, called Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome, that obstructs the flow of blood from his right leg to his heart. Respondent is a professional golfer with a disability that dramatically affects his circulatory … The ADA does not distinguish between sports organizations and other entities when considering whether its… Recommended Citation The Game of Pleasant Diversion: Can We Level the Playing Field for the Disabled Athlete and Maintain the National Pastime, in the Aftermath of PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin: An Empirical Study of the Disabled Athlete, 79 St. John's L. Rev. 2:08-cv-08189-JHN-CWx) 2011 U.S.Dist. Warden, Driving the Green: The Impact of PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin on Disabled Athletes and the Future of Competitive Sports , 80 N.C. L. Rev. In fact, Shannon's dedication to Martin's case is a perfect outgrowth of his own personal situation-his own daughter has the same Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome that afflicts Casey Martin. Since birth he has had a degenerative circulatory disorder, called Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome, that obstructs the flow of blood from his right leg to his heart. His disorder constitutes a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). In PGA Tour, Inc. v. Casey Martin, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the right of the professional golfer Casey Martin to use a golf cart while playing in professional golf tournaments, despite the PGA rule requiring walking. His disorder constitutes a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). 1879 (2001) Casey Martin, a professional golfer, qualified for the Nike Tour in 1998 and 1999, and for the PGA Tour in 2000. It was formerly played in mid-August on the third weekend before Labor Day weekend, serving as the fourth … a professional golfer, Casey Martin, was granted relief under the ADA. 1242 (D.Or. 98-35309 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT CASEY MARTIN, Plaintiff-Appellee v. PGA TOUR, INC., Defendant-Appellant ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON BRIEF FOR THE UNITED STATES AS AMICUS CURIAE BILL LANN LEE … AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT. (17th ed. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin. 3 Brian Shannon, A Drive to Justice: The Supreme Court's Decision in PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, I Va. Sports & Ent. 403 (2002). Mitten, Matthew J., "A Review of Post-PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin Legal Developments Regarding the Participation Rights of Disabled Athletes" (2011). 1879 (2001), the Court treated "walking" as a major life activity and declared that Casey Martin was "an individual with a disability as defined in the Americans with Disabilities Act" because of his condition that interfered with his ability to walk. See PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 678, 121 S. Ct. 1879, 149 L. Ed. His disorder constitutes a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). By Frederick Schauer, Published on 01/01/01. The ADA was first enacted in 1990 and became effective July 26, 1992. Play More Golf. Rory McIlroy MBE (born 4 May 1989) is a professional golfer from Northern Ireland who is a member of both the European and PGA Tours. Martin v. PGA Tour, Inc., 994 F. Supp. 1998) (Martin I). The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Martin in a 7–2 decision. The court found that the PGA Tour should be viewed as a commercial enterprise operating in the entertainment industry for the economic benefit of its members rather than as a private club. 5. Martin sued PGA Tour, Inc. after it denied Martin's request to use a golf cart in the third round of one of its qualifying events. The PGA Tour, Inc. is a non-profit entity which was formed in 1968. at 3. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES PGA TOUR, INC. v. MARTIN CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT No. 1242 (D. Or. Rich. 1879, 149 L.Ed.2d 904 (2001), Congress designed the ADA to fit hand in glove with the RA, leaving intact the “scope of protection ... under the [RA],” Menkowitz v. This tour sponsors and cosponsors professional golf tournaments. PGA TOUR, INC v. MARTIN Facts of the Case In 2001, a case called PGA Tour, Inc v. Martin was opened due to a disabled golfer, Casey Martin (respondent), who proclaimed that the PGA Tour (petitioner) could not legally deny him the choice to ride in a golf cart in between shots. Disabled Golfers in Martin v. PGA Tour, Inc. and Olinger v. United States Golf Ass'n Steven A. Holzbaur Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, Disability Law Commons, and the Health Law and Policy Commons Recommended Citation Id. In 1990, Congress enacted the Americans with Disabilities Act (the "ADA") to eradicate discrimination against individuals with disabilities. at 666. Next, this Note provides the factual and procedural background of Martin v. Professional Golf Association Tour, Inc., and then examines the court's analysis of the case. 370 F.3d 837 - LENTINI v. CALIFORNIA CENTER FOR THE ARTS, United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. 1879 (2001) First Page. The case citation identifies the book in the law library in which the case may be found. The “Rules of Golf,” promulgated by the United States Golf Association and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of Scotland, do not prohibit the use of golf carts. As an amateur, he won 17 Oregon Golf Association junior events before he was 15, 4 The PGA TOUR hard card provides: "Players shall walk at all times during a stipulated round unless permitted to ride by the PGA TOUR Rules Committee." PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 675 (2001). 00-24. 2001 term. Id. 2000). The Dilemma of Ignorance: PGA Tour, INC. v Casey Martin It accordingly entered a permanent injunction requiring PGA to permit Martin to use a golf cart in PGA and Nike Tour competitions in which he is eligible to participate, and in any qualifying rounds for those tours. 1242 (D.Or.1998). 365 (2001). 8 Dan Marshall, Equal Access: The Americans with Disabilities Act and Your Golf Course, Club Management, Vol. The defendant PGA Tour, Inc., is a non-profit association of professional golfers.Martin v. PGA Tour, Inc., 984 F. Supp. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 667 n. 4, 121 S.Ct. In PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, the United States Supreme court faced the question of whether the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) applied to a professional sports body. PGA TOUR, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 667 n.4 (2001) (Martin). Martin v. PGA Tour, Inc., 994 F.Supp. § 12101(b)(1), (2) (stating that the ADA is intended to provide a “clear and comprehensive national mandate” for eliminating disability 7 See Id. Audio Transcription for Opinion Announcement – May 29, 2001 in PGA TOUR, Inc. v. Martin Facts of the case Casey Martin is afflicted with a degenerative circulatory disorder that prevents him from walking golf courses. With its holding, the Court Written and curated by real attorneys at … 5. 1879, 149 L.Ed.2d 904 (2001). Casey Martin is afflicted with a degenerative circulatory disorder that prevents him from walking golf courses. ... and citation omitted). 42 U.S.C. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin. David A. Monaghan, Title III of the ADA Allows a Qualified Disabled Entrant to Use a Motorized Cart on the Professional Golf Tour: PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 40 Duq. at 666. In PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 121 S.Ct. “To effectuate its sweeping purpose,” PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 675, 121 S.Ct. Recommended Citation William E. Spruill, Giving New Meaning to "Handicap": The Americans with Disabilities Act and Its Uneasy Relationship with Professional Sports in PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin , 35 U. The ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAA) became effective January 1, 2009. b. Recommended Citation Andrew I. Id. In 2001, in PGA Tow; Inc. v. Martin, the U.S. Supreme Court interpreted the ADA to prohibit a professional golf association from denying a golfer with a disability the use of a golf cart during competitions, despite a rule requiring all … 1242, 1251 (Ore. 1998).… Matthews v. National Collegiate Athletic Ass'n. On May 29, 2001, the Supreme Court ruled 7-2 in PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin that the PGA Tour had to allow disabled golfer Casey Martin to use a golf cart, despite the PGA’s claim that “the condition of walking is a substantive rule of competition” in professional tournaments. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin (2001) Facts of the case: Casey Martin is afflicted with a degenerative circulatory disorder that prevents him from walking golf courses. Repository Citation. Opinion for Casey Martin v. Pga Tour, Inc., a Maryland Corporation, 204 F.3d 994 — Brought to you by Free Law Project, a non-profit dedicated to … The defendant PGA Tour, Inc., is a non-profit association of professional golfers.Martin v. PGA Tour, Inc., 984 F. Supp. The Supreme Court upheld lower court’s rulings that Casey Martin should be allowed to ride in a golf cart between shots at Tour events due to his disorder that constitutes under the American’s with Disorders Act and The Act as a whole, and especially Title III’s guarantee of equal access to public accommodations for the disabled, marks “a milestone on the path to a more This Article discusses a number of federal court opinions which have dealt with the "fundamental alteration" query, posed by Titles II and III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, in the five years after the Supreme Court decision in PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin. in mind, in PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin,2 the United States Supreme Court, on May 29, 2001, decided the issue of whether the Americans With Disabilities Act ("ADA") requires the Professional Golfers' Association ("PGA") to bend its rules and allow tour professional Casey Martin, who In support of this contention, he cites PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 121 S.Ct. The bases are loaded, the game is tied, there are two outs, the count is full, and the home team is up to bat. INTRODUCTION It is a beautiful day at the ball park, the sun is shining high in the sky and a father and son are enjoying a day together watching the great American pastime. 1879 (2001)," is set forth below the case name. ... MARTIN v. PGA TOUR, INC., United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. 6 PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661 (2001). PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 121 S.Ct. 2001) August 6 DISCUSSION I. Applicability of Title III (Public Accommodation) Get PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661 (2001), United States Supreme Court, case facts, key issues, and holdings and reasonings online today. Martin, supra at 667. Recommended Citation. 1998). PDF | The purpose of the article is to explore people, cases, and laws that have a relationship between the state of Oregon and the study of sports law,... | … 2001) July Massachusetts rejects U.S. Supreme Court’s definition of disability, opts for broader standard. Professional Golfers' Association's ("PGA") Nike Tour, Martin re-quested the use of a motorized cart." at 1885. The PGA Championship (often referred to as the US PGA Championship or USPGA outside the United States) is an annual golf tournament conducted by the Professional Golfers' Association of America.It is one of the four men's major championships in professional golf.. This chapter provides jury instructions for actions brought under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. In PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, the U.S. Supreme Court expanded the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) far beyond drafters' intents.1 Casey Martin, a talented professional golfer with a profound disability, can now use a golf cart during tournaments. L. Rev. Citations are also linked in the body of the Featured Case. Title U.S. Reports: PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661 (2001). In PGA Tour, Inc. v. Casey Martin, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the right of the professional golfer Casey Martin to use a golf cart while playing in professional golf tournaments, despite the PGA rule requiring walking. 9 Id. Contributor Names Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (Judge) Supreme Court of the United States (Author) L.J. Martin's first request for a cart came when he was trying to gain entry onto the PGA Tour through its qualifying school in 1997. (citation omitted). L. Rev. 122 (2004) ... PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661 (2001). Home / Archives / Vol. 2d 904 (2001) (stating that professional golfer's ADA claim could not be brought under Title I because that Title applies to employees, not independent contractors such as professional golfers). 00-24 Decided by Rehnquist Court Lower court United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Citation 532 US 661 (2001) Argued Jan 17, 2001 Decided May 29, 2001 Advocates Roy … Commission on Human Rights & Opportunities v. Savin Rock Condominium Assn., Inc., ... PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 675, 121 S.Ct. The vote was split with seven votes for Martin and two against. When the district court decision, Martin v. PGA Tour, Inc., 994 F. Supp. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 121 S.Ct. His disorder constitutes a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). 1242, 1243 (D. Or. On the Senior PGA Tour, competitors are given the option of using a golf cart. In PGA competitions, the basic rules of golf apply to all players. Title U.S. Reports: Olmstead v. PGA TOUR, INC v. MARTIN Facts of the Case In 2001, a case called PGA Tour, Inc v. Martin was opened due to a disabled golfer, Casey Martin (respondent), who proclaimed that the PGA Tour (petitioner) could not legally deny him the … Contributor Names Stevens, John Paul (Judge) Id., at 127. 80, Issue 5 (October 2001). The author identifies problems inherent in the approach taken in Martin and discusses the Court's lack of clear guidance on … 1998) (Martin I). In the case, Casey Martin, a disabled golfer, had sued the Professional Golf Association (PGA) for refusing his attempt to use a golf cart during the PGA tour. Since 1997, the PGA TOUR had barred the use of golf carts during the final stage of this qualifying tournament. 4. In concluding that the Americans With Disabilities Act required such an accommodation to Martin, who has a serious circulatory disorder, the … Radisson Hotel Chatsworth (C.D.Cal., Jan. 5, 2011, No. TITLE II OF THE ADA "Congress enacted the ADA in 1990 to remedy widespread discrimination against disabled individuals." PGA Tour v. Martin. Citation: 532 U.S. 661 (2001) Facts of the Case. He wanted the PGA to dissolve their rule on requiring players to have to walk between golf course and that’s why he created a petition. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 675 (2001) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 121 S.Ct. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin (2001)_Lesson Plan.pdf PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin (2001)_Student docs.pdf I find the materials so engaging, relevant, and easy to understand – I now use iCivics as a central resource, and use the textbook as a supplemental tool. OCTOBER TERM, 2000 Syllabus PGA TOUR, INC. v. MARTIN CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT No. As a remedial statute, the ADA “should be ... See PGA Tour, 532 U.S. at 675 (quoting the Hearings on S. 933 before the Senate Committee on Labor and Human ... Id. In 2001, in PGA Tow; Inc. v. Martin, the U.S. Supreme Court interpreted the ADA to prohibit a professional golf association from denying a golfer with a disability the use of a golf cart during competitions, despite a rule requiring all … PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 674 (2001). The Act as a whole, and especially Title III’s guarantee of equal access to public accommodations for the disabled, marks “a milestone on the path to a more decent, tolerant, progressive society.” 1320, 1321 (D. Or. 994 F. Supp. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin' I. 643 (2002). Olinger v. United States Golf Ass’n, 205 F.3d 1001 (7th Cir. PGA TOUR, INC., PETITIONER v. CASEY MARTIN ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT [May 29, 2001] Justice Stevens delivered the opinion of the Court. It accordingly entered a permanent injunction requiring PGA to permit Martin to use a golf cart in PGA and Nike Tour competitions in which he is eligible to participate, and in … L. Rev. Casey Martin won below in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. PGA TOUR, Inc. Respondent Martin Docket no. Foore v. City of Richmond, Virginia, 246 F.3d 664 (4th Cir. 1998). 2002); see also PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 701 (2001) (Scalia, J., dissenting) ("Many, indeed, consider walking to be the central feature of the game of golf - hence Mark Twain's classic criticism of the §§ 12101-12213 (1994 & Supp. 1879 (2001) July Employer victories in ADA cases continue to mount. 403. This Note begins with the background of the ADA and the PGA. § 12101, et seq. 12. A "teeing ground" is … Recommended Citation Todd A. Hentges, Driving in the Fairway Incurs No Penalty: Martin v.PGA Tour, Inc. and Discriminatory Boundaries in the Americans with … Adrian Bentley JR Case Brief Case Citation: PGA Tour, INC v. Martin 532 U.S. 661 (2001) Facts: Casey Martin who was a professional golfer that struggle with a disability where it was hard for him to walk between golf shot. On the Senior PGA Tour, competitors are given the option of using a golf cart. 4 No. The Court, for its part, assumes that conclusion for the sake of argument, ante, at 17, but pronounces respondent to be a "customer" of the PGA TOUR or of the golf courses on which it is played. That seems to me quite incredible. 1879 (2001) Casey Martin, a professional golfer, qualified for the Nike Tour in 1998 and 1999, and for the PGA Tour in 2000. In PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, the United States Supreme Court faced the issue of whether the ADA applied to a professional sports organization.9 Prior to Martin, a number of high profile athletes successfully battled a disability while competing in professional PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin 532 U.S. 661 (2001) Authored by David I. Wallack Casey Martin (“Martin”), an aspiring professional golfer afflicted with Klippel-Trenauanay-Weber Syndrome, a degenerative circulatory disease impairing his ability to walk, brought suit … 6. Rich. In several recent decisions, the Supreme Court ruled against the individual with a 00—24. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co ., 200 U.S. 321, 337. b. 1320, 1321 (D. Or. 2000). 1879, 149 L.Ed.2d 904 (2001), for the proposition that a handicapped individual does not lose his "handicapped" status simply because he is able to continue working. The ADA is comprised of five titles: Employment (Title I); Public Services (Title II); Public Accommodations and Services Operated by Private Entities (Title III); Telecommunications (Title IV); and … 25. Ky., Inc. v. Williams, 534 U.S. 184, 198 (2002) (holding that "to be substantially limited in performing manual tasks, an individual must have an impairment that … 98-35309 (9th Cir. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 675 (2001) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 675 (2001) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Casey Martin is a talented golfer. In 1990, Congress enacted the Americans with Disabilities Act (the "ADA") to eradicate discrimination against individuals with disabilities. A. Recommended Citation Todd A. Hentges, Driving in the Fairway Incurs No Penalty: Martin v.PGA Tour, Inc. and Discriminatory Boundaries in the Americans with … Despite his medical condition that caused pain and malfunction of the right leg, Casey Martin was inspired to play professional golf during the PGA tournaments Review of Post-PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin 103 becoming fatigued, to ride in a cart and use an oxygen delivery system when nec-essary during an LPGA Tour event. 2. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 121 S.Ct. greater protections to our citizens, especially in the area of civil rights.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Recommended Citation Laura Rothstein,Disability Law and Higher Education: a Road Map for Where We've Been and Where We May Be Heading, 63 Md.
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