Naidu P, Yanow SK, Kowalewska-Grochowska KT. Cohen AJ, Steigbigel RT. Onchocerciasis in endemic and nonendemic populations: differences in clinical presentation and immunologic findings. Eosinophils and their Interactions with Respiratory Virus Pathogens, The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at, Eosinophils, Inflammation, Virus, Ribonuclease, Cytokine. When eosinophils were added in increasing concentration to a fixed number of viruses, a dose-dependent inhibition of virus infectivity was observed [24]. Eosinophils make up approx 0.5-1% of the white blood cells ( leukocytes ) in normal individuals, but this proportion is often raised to 3-5% in people with allergic symptoms, and can be much higher in those exposed to parasitic worms. Calcagno MA, Bourlot I, Taus R, et al. Chronic and recurrent diarrhea in American servicemen in Vietnam. Usually, blood test results show elevated white blood cell count if you are fighting an infection or have an inflammatory condition. There are a few risks associated with a high Eosinophil Count (EoC). Vikram HR, Smilack JD, Leighton JA, et al. Autoimmune skin diseases such as pemphigus, psoriasis, among others. A case of Opisthorchis felineus infestation in a pilot from Greece. Thus, in this review, we will be discussing the infectious causes of eosinophilia in travelers, non-travelers, and immigrants separately, and will examine the causes in the context of symptom location and/or organ system involvement. Filariasis in travelers presenting to the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Interestingly, PVM replicates in eosinophils and promotes cytokine release. Human illnesses caused by Opisthorchis felineus flukes, Italy. The medical literature does not support a concerning association between eosinophil-associated diseases and coronaviruses. Eosinophil levels vary dramatically in a number of clinical settings, especially following eosinophil-targeted therapy, which is now available to selectively deplete these cells. Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end. We would like to present the possibility of a clear and definitive parallel when considering eosinophils and the pathogenesis of reactive airways disease. Paragonimus kellicotti flukes in Missouri, USA. Neutrophils kill bacteria and. Initially, we proposed that eosinophils, relying all or in part on their array of powerful and rapidly evolving secretory ribonucleases, could play a role in promoting host defense by direct targeting of ribonucleolytically-vulnerable single-stranded RNA genome of respiratory virus pathogens such as RSV. -, Weller PF, Spencer LA. Inflammatory responses to pneumovirus infection in IFN-alpha beta R gene-deleted mice. Ovalbumin sensitization changes the inflammatory response to subsequent parainfluenza infection. HA Headache, AMS altered mental status, SZ seizure, NV nausea/vomiting. People can have a high count during the following medical conditions: An adverse reaction to certain medications. Cappello E, Cacopardo B, Caltabiano E, et al. government site. government site. Cooper BT, Hodgson HJ, Chadwick VS. Hymenolepiasis: an unusual cause of diarrhoea in Western Europe. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers in Western Iran. Human coccidiosis--a possible cause of malabsorption. Immunology of respiratory syncytial virus infection: eosinophils, cytokines, chemokines and asthma. Xu HZ, Tang LF, Zheng XP, et al. Welliver RC. Front Immunol. Eosinophils are implicated in the pathophysiology of respiratory virus infection, most typically in negative roles, such as promoting wheezing and bronchoconstriction in conjunction with virus-induced exacerbations of reactive airways disease and in association with aberrant hypersensitivity responses to antiviral vaccines. Lemos AC, Coelho JC, Matos ED, et al. A lower than normal eosinophil count could be because: Body is making too much of certain steroids, such as cortisol. Uttamchandani RB, Trigo LM, Poppiti RJ, Jr, et al. Sabageh D, Oguntola AS, Oguntola AM, et al. What parasites can cause high eosinophils? Celiac.com Sponsor (A8): Celiac.com Sponsor (A8): Therefore, high eosinophil count can be indicative of an infection. Pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis: radiologic findings in 71 patients. The authors found that reducing the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by systemic administration of anti-IL-5 antibody resulted in a pronounced increase in virus titer in lung tissue, providing the first evidence in vivo for a role for eosinophils in promoting antiviral host defense. A 41-year-old woman with migratory panniculitis. Pathophysiology of airway viral infections. Fungal elements on histopathologic exam, fungal culture of surgical specimen. Coughing up a diagnosis: a cavitary lung lesion with worsening eosinophilia. Males of Hispanic, African, and Asian ethnicity. Malvy D, Ezzedine KH, Receveur MC, et al. The pneumonia virus of mice infection model for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection: identifying novel targets for therapeutic intervention. 2022 Jul 18;13:947724. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947724. Stauffer WM, Sellman JS, Walker PF. Recently, eosinophils have been shown to have various other functions, including immunoregulation and antiviral activity. The most common cause of high eosinophil counts is a parasite infection. As we mentioned earlier, all mammals have eosinophils, but eosinophil structure and contents differ dramatically among species. about navigating our updated article layout. Humbles AA, Lloyd CM, McMillan SJ, Friend DS, Xanthou G, McKenna EE, Ghiran S, Gerard NP, Yu C, Orkin SH, Gerard C. A critical role for eosinophils in allergic airways remodeling. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. Fungal elements on histopathologic exam, fungal culture of surgical specimen, serology (complement fixation). COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS; eosinophils; immunopathology; immunopotentiation; vaccines. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 104 people who have Hypothyroidism from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and is updated regularly. Eosinophilia can be caused by both infectious and non-infectious processes, many of which may be clinically indistinguishable. 2020;181(8):624-628. doi: 10.1159/000509368. Acute life-threatening toxocaral tamponade. Rarely, in the case of immune dysfunction/immunodeficiency, eosinophilia may be present in the context of an infection that by itself does not normally cause eosinophilia. Eosinophilia can be developed due to certain cancers, including. Kohatsu H, Zaha O, Shimada K, et al. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. This work was supported by the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. -, Fulkerson PC. I know it can mean other things but I thought it'd be interesting to see how many have high eosinophils. Vuitton DA, Lassegue A, Miguet JP, et al. Anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibodies: preclinical and clinical evidence in asthma models. Chang KH, Chi JG, Cho SY, et al. Self-limited travelers' diarrhea by Isospora belli in a patient with dengue infection. Mukae O, Taniguchi H, Ashitani J, et al. (A) Human eosinophils isolated from peripheral blood by negative selection (B) Eosinophilic infiltrates in the intestinal wall of an Owl monkey, A. trivirgatus (image courtesy of Dr. Alfonso Gozalo, Comparative Medicine Branch, NIAID) (C) Eosinophils in mouse bone marrow cytospin. 2022 Sep 23;13:978977. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978977. Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM; family Paramyxoviridae, genus Pneumovirus) is closely related to the human and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses [Figure 4; reviewed in 2729]. Dr. Nutman is Head, Helminth Immunology Section and Head, Clinical Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD. Transcription factors in eosinophil development and as therapeutic targets. Blood cancers that make these cells inappropriately can also cause eosinophilia. An epidemic of acute eosinophilic pneumonia following beer drinking and probably due to infestation with Ascaris lumbricoides. Fichi G, Stefanelli S, Pagani A, et al. Coronavirus vaccine-associated lung immunopathology-what is the significance? Diagnosis and evaluation of treatment of chronic strongyloidiasis in ex-prisoners of war. The unprecedented impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in global challenges to our health-care systems and our economic security. There are many causes of eosinophilia in the peripheral blood. Non-endemic cases of lymphatic filariasis. Pontolillo M, Ucciferri C, Borrelli P, Di Nicola M, Vecchiet J, Falasca K. Pathogens. Z01 AI000943/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States, Z01-AI000943/Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Z01-AI000941/Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program, Kay AB. EDN and ECP are among the most rapidly evolving functional coding sequences known among primates [20, 21] so much so that, as shown in Figure 2A, orthologous sequences in non-primate mammals cannot be detected by hybridization methods; the mouse eosinophil-associated RNases, a large cluster of equally rapidly-evolving non-overlapping sequences that have emerged via rapid duplication and gene sorting, are distant orthologs of their human counterparts [22, 23; Figure 2B]. Incidental detection of microfilariae in a lymph node aspirate: A case report. Trichinosis (a roundworm infection) Ulcerative colitis (a type of inflammatory bowel disease) Parasitic diseases and allergic reactions to medication are among the more common causes of eosinophilia. Easton AJ, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved therapies that target eosinophils in asthma, and they are now being used in clinics, while treatments for other eosinophil-mediated illnesses are still being investigated. parasitic infections - especially schistosomiasis, echinococciasis. Soonawala D, van Lieshout L, den Boer MA, et al. Jukema BN, Smit K, Hopman MTE, Bongers CCWG, Pelgrim TC, Rijk MH, Platteel TN, Venekamp RP, Zwart DLM, Rutten FH, Koenderman L. Front Allergy. Peripheral blood eosinophilia (500 eosinophils/microL) may be caused by numerous conditions, including allergic, infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic disorders ( table 1) [ 1,2 ]. The causes of high eosinophils can be: Allergies of all kinds, from acute hives to lactose intolerance. It can be caused by nasal allergy or more serious conditions, such as cancer. The role of eosinophils in host defense against helminth parasites. Rosenberg HF, Bonville CA, Easton AJ, Domachowske JB. A report of nine cases in Hmong immigrants. 2020 Sep 30;11:586781. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586781. (D) Active replication is accompanied by release of interleukin-6. Rosenberg HF, Phipps S, Foster PS. The related natural rodent pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is highly virulent in mice, and is not readily cleared by eosinophils in vivo. Acute schistosomiasis outbreak: clinical features and economic impact. Neutrophils, host defense, and inflammation: a double-edged sword. Obara A, Nakamura-Uchiyama F, Hiromatsu K, et al. Visser LG, Polderman AM, Stuiver PC. All stool samples negative but they did do a 2nd deeper biopsy in the endoscope and found eosinophils within several areas of his GI tract. Clin Proteomics. Therefore, if there is suspicion of one of the causes from Table 3 as the etiology for meningitis, repeat lumbar puncture several days into illness may be necessary to identify CNS eosinophilia. Rakita RM, White AC, Jr, Kielhofner MA. 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